One of the principles used in Islamic jurisprudence of transactions is the jurisprudential principle of “negation of aleatory sales” or “negation of aleatory” (Arabic: اَلْغَرَر, al-gharar). Shaykh Anṣārī’, in his discussion on the condition of knowledge concerning the exchange items (considerations) in sales (Arabic: اَلْبَیْع, Romanized: al-Bayʿ) specifically regarding measurable and weighable objects, stated that one of the reasons for the necessity of knowing the considerations and the requirement for measuring the object of sale by quantity and weight is the Ḥadīth prohibiting aleatory sales. He further adds that the comparison of the Ḥadīth on aleatory sales with the narrations regarding measurement and weight indicates that the type of aleatory referred to here is general aleatory. However, in the discussion of the buying and selling of cloth, sheep, and land based on observation, he states that since there is no narration related to specification and measurement, the criterion of personal aleatory applies. The question that arises is what the difference is between the two cases, in one of which a ruling is given regarding general aleatory (Arabic: اَلْغَرَر, al-gharar), while in the other case a ruling is given regarding personal gharar. Does the mere lack of a reason for necessitating measurement in the second case result in the gharar being classified as personal? This article critically examines the statements of the late Shaykh by descriptively and analytically reviewing the narrations in the issue of measured and weighed items and their connection to the Ḥadīth negating gharar. It establishes the hypothesis that, considering that the establishment of religious rulings (Arabic: الأَحکام الشَرعیَّة) occurs as real propositions, and consequently, the existence of a ruling depends on the existence of its subject, in all cases the criterion for the principle of gharar (aleatory), similar to the rule of prohibition of detriment (Arabic: لا ضَرَرَ, principle of harm), is personal aleatory, rather than generic aleatory, and there is no distinction between these two matters. Obviously, the difference between the effect of personal gharar and the effect of general gharar will play an important role in the ruling of sales and new unknown transactions, which also guarantees the necessity of this discussion.

Congenital Chagas disease is considered a form of dispersion of Trypanosoma cruzi related to human migration from endemic, often rural to previously nonendemic urban areas. This fact increases the Chagas disease establishment risk inside of family members by vertical transmission pathway. Congenital Chagas disease cases in newborns could not identified by the health professional even in endemic regions. Here we present the first family cluster of Chagas disease cases from Chiapas: one of the most important endemic areas in South of Mexico, where vertical T. cruzi transmission incidence rate is ranged between 2% to 22% revealing an important public health problem. Two cases inside a family from Chiapas, Mé, xico with positive antibodies against T. cruzi detected by ELISA are presented,one of them got the infection through vertical pathway. We think that congenital Chagas disease should not be ignored in a newborn born from an asymptomatic Chagas disease mother, who may transmit the parasite infection randomly.

Aleatory contract has not been codified in Iran's regulations. Whereas Egypt's regulations not only generally compromise aleatory contract, but also give prominent examples for it. In aleatory contracts considerations are not determined, because, here, determination of a consideration is based on some factors which will be fulfilled in the future. The effect of this contract shall be established at the time of conclusion of contract. So, this contract is absolutely distinguished from the suspended contract. Risk is not effective to this contract. So, aleatory contract is basically distinguished from risk contract as well. Ultimately, aleatory contract has different concepts in comparison with deferred contract and conditional contract. With dependence on profiteering intentions of parties, this contract has deceptive characteristics. With respect to dependence of contract's effect on tense factor, it has continuous characteristic inhere. Also, this contract is one of obligatory contracts which has non-simultaneous obligations. Unexceptional characteristic is another characteristic of these contracts.

The legislator stipulates in Article 342 of the Civil Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran: “ The amount (quantity), kind and description of the object of sale must be known” . This article is rooted in Imami jurisprudence and according to jurists, lack of knowledge about the kind, quantity (amount) and description of the object of sale causes aleatory which is forbidden and aleatory in the transaction causes invalidity. In this position, if an unknown sale is concluded with the attachment of a known object, it is debatable whether the obstacle of aleatory will be removed with a known attachment or not. The positive rule (statute verdict) of this transaction is a dispute among jurists. In the meantime, Imam Khomeini’ s argument is completely different from the views of other jurists and states as follows: the narrations in this regard, in the position of expressing the correct verdict for the unknown sale to the attachment of a known object-which is invalidated by aleatory-may not; rather, the mentioned narrations have entered a place where there is no aleatory at all. The result of research in this regard shows that in an unknown sale with the attachment of a known object, or like the Imam (may Allah have mercy on him), the narrations included in this issue should be abandoned and such a sale should be considered invalid; because extracting the verdict of authenticity from these narrations is contrary to rational rules, or if one believes in the existence of consensus on the authenticity of this sale, should suffice with certainty (up to the certainty) (texts) and it is not appropriate to use the known appurtenance as a general rule for the allocation of the unknown sale prohibition was accepted.

Background and Objective: The maximum aerobic capacity (VO2max) is one of the criteria that can be used to create a balance between work and worker. The assessment of individuals’ physical work capacity can be used to assign individuals in jobs proportional to their capacities in order to maintain their health and physical capacity and improve their productivity and efficiency.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 120 women with the age range of 21-49 years working in hospitals located in Isfahan, Iran. The participants were evaluated through the Single Stage Treadmill Walking Test by Ebbeling. The data were collected using the General Health Questionnaire-28, Occupational Fatigue Scale, and Job Satisfaction Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 22) using the Pearson correlation and t-test.Results: According to the results, the mean VO2max, physical working capacity, and general health were obtained as 38.89±1.85 ml/kg-1.min-1, 4.10±0.47 kcal/min, and 25.43±12.09 kcal/min, respectively. In addition, the mean scores of occupational fatigue and satisfaction were 85.87±32.35 and 57.48±13.01, respectively. The results also indicated a significant relationship between VO2max and age, weight, body mass index, occupational fatigue, and job satisfaction (P<0.05).Conclusion: As the findings indicated, occupational fatigue and satisfaction were associated with VO2max among workers. Consequently, it is recommended to not only consider the compatibility of physical factors in the workplace, but also give special attention to mental aspects, since they affect the workers’ physical domain and productivity.

Dempster Shafer theory and entropy are two methods for representation and quantitative measurement of the uncertainty in information systems. Deextended later by Shafer. Entropy is a measure of uncertainty as a basic concept in the information theory. Entropy can be applied as an uncertainty measurement of the systems in specific situation. In this paper, a new method has been proposed for measurement of the uncertainty upper and lower bound with the combination of mathematical models of entropy and Dempster Shafer theory. According to this analysis maximum and minimum of the uncertainty are calculated.

This study provides a comprehensive probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Karaj, the capital of Alborz province. In the present study, two probabilistic approaches including the classical and Monte Carlo methods are applied. In this regard, the most recent earthquake catalog of the region, as well as, the most appropriate GMPEs based on the statistical tests of the likelihood and the log-likelihood are used. The results indicated that there are differences between the results of two approaches, which is intensified in the longer return periods. This disparity mainly stemmed from the different concept of two methods for incorporating the aleatory uncertainty. In classical PSHA, the aleatory uncertainty takes into account using the integration which is truncated at a fixed number of the logarithmic standard deviation. While, in the Monte Carlo simulation approach, the aleatory uncertainty is considered in calculation using random sampling of GMPEs variability. In addition, the ground motion shaking map of the region for the dominant seismic scenarios including the rupture of the North-Tehran and Eshterhard faults are developed. These seismic scenarios have the potential of producing the greatest acceleration; consequently, the most vulnerability. The outcomes of this study can be used for providing urban plan or estimating the probable economic and casualty losses of Karaj.

Let G be a simple graph with vertex set V (G) = {v1, v2,…, vn} and di the degree of its vertex vi, i=1, 2,…, n. Inspired by the Randic matrix and the general Randic index of a graph, we introduce the concept of general Randic matrix Ra of G, which is defined by (Ra) i, j= (didj) a if vi and vj are adjacent, and zero otherwise. Similarly, the general Randic eigenvalues are the eigenvalues of the general Randic matrix, the greatest general Randic eigenvalue is the general Randic spectral radius of G, and the general Randic energy is the sum of the absolute values of the general Randic eigenvalues. In this paper, we prove some properties of the general Randic matrix and obtain lower and upper bounds for general Randic energy, also, we get some lower bounds for general Randic spectral radius of a connected graph. Moreover, we give a new sharp upper bound for the general Randic energy when a= -1/2.